I just know this stuff. I was very surprised myself. You might think this is the metachromatic leukodystrophy(ML) (why? coz it's metachromatic). Wrong. It's a totally different thing altogether.
In ML, it's an accumulation of metachromatic lipid which is gives brownish color upon staining of toluidine blue.
However, when they say about this metachromatic granules, they are bascially Alder-Reilly bodies. Well, what the hell is that? It's actually an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans within leukocytes. It's seen in mucopolysaccharidoses aka the famous Hurler's and Hunter's syndrome which I believe USMLE Step 1 love to ask. You can observe large purple cytoplasmic granules, which is the metachromatic granules, of course (source from :http://www.learnerstv.com/onlinetest/medicine/ in Pathology Q11 and Pathology Concise) I can't find a good picture in any books, what I can find is this: http://images.google.com.my/images?hl=en&source=hp&q=Metachromatic+granules&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=IcKjSunTNIyBkQXPxo33Dw&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4
Ah, just google yourself. Till then...
Sunday, September 6, 2009
Cool Physiology Website
If you like cracking your head with physiology, try this: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/outline.htm
If you are studying for your exam and that the exam is about next week, do give yourself a break ya? Phys is hard
Notice something from here: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/six/6_1.htm
1. A Na-H antiport is present in the apical membrane (Fig 6-2). This electrically neutral 1:1 transporter is driven primarily by the chemical gradient for Na across the membrane. This is a major mechanism for Na entry.
Get it?
If you are studying for your exam and that the exam is about next week, do give yourself a break ya? Phys is hard
Notice something from here: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/six/6_1.htm
1. A Na-H antiport is present in the apical membrane (Fig 6-2). This electrically neutral 1:1 transporter is driven primarily by the chemical gradient for Na across the membrane. This is a major mechanism for Na entry.
Get it?
Saturday, September 5, 2009
Ventilation Perfusion Defect
This is from: http://www.ccmtutorials.com/rs/oxygen/page09.htm
A word about this thing. It causes hypoxemia, which leads to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptor in which causing hyperventilation thus lowering arterial carbon dioxide pressure. Cool?
A word about this thing. It causes hypoxemia, which leads to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptor in which causing hyperventilation thus lowering arterial carbon dioxide pressure. Cool?
Friday, September 4, 2009
Serotonin Syndrome vs NMS
Article from: http://uuhsc.utah.edu/poison/healthpros/utox/Vol4_No4.pdf
This article quotes some interesting facts about serotonin syndrome. As you know, NMS (I forgot the whole name, but it's written there and is caused by dopamine antagonist effect) can have certain common features in terms of the clinical presentation. Therefore I would like to bring a certain attention over this matter.
Feature: Serotonin Syndrome
Mechanism: Serotonin excess
Onset of Symptoms: Minutes to hours
Resolution of symptoms: Less than 24 hours
Neuromuscular: Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
Rhabdomyolysis: Rare
Metabolic acidosis: Rare
Elevated transaminases: Rare
Feature: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Mechanism: Dopamine antagonism
Onset of Symptoms: Days to weeks
Resolution of symptoms: 5-14 days
Neuromuscular: “lead pipe” rigidity
Rhabdomyolysis: Common
Metabolic acidosis: Common
Elevated transaminases: Common
Anyways, this is from table 3 in the article. I finally found the answer to this mystery to me^^
This article quotes some interesting facts about serotonin syndrome. As you know, NMS (I forgot the whole name, but it's written there and is caused by dopamine antagonist effect) can have certain common features in terms of the clinical presentation. Therefore I would like to bring a certain attention over this matter.
Feature: Serotonin Syndrome
Mechanism: Serotonin excess
Onset of Symptoms: Minutes to hours
Resolution of symptoms: Less than 24 hours
Neuromuscular: Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
Rhabdomyolysis: Rare
Metabolic acidosis: Rare
Elevated transaminases: Rare
Feature: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Mechanism: Dopamine antagonism
Onset of Symptoms: Days to weeks
Resolution of symptoms: 5-14 days
Neuromuscular: “lead pipe” rigidity
Rhabdomyolysis: Common
Metabolic acidosis: Common
Elevated transaminases: Common
Anyways, this is from table 3 in the article. I finally found the answer to this mystery to me^^
Some USMLE Prep
I come across this website: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/USMLE_Step_1_Review
Okay, it listed out some website I think it is useful to those students who are preparing for the boards exam.
1) http://www.learnerstv.com
2) http://www.stepprep.com
3) http://www.clinicalreview.com/welcome/
I have doubts on the third site, but the top two sites, I think, are quite good. Since it's free, why not just give a try? I seriously don't have much time to waste. Next Thursday will be my exam. Hope everything goes well and hope that all the questions which appear during the exam are all of which I had done them before or know the answer, somehow. Pray hard...
Okay, it listed out some website I think it is useful to those students who are preparing for the boards exam.
1) http://www.learnerstv.com
2) http://www.stepprep.com
3) http://www.clinicalreview.com/welcome/
I have doubts on the third site, but the top two sites, I think, are quite good. Since it's free, why not just give a try? I seriously don't have much time to waste. Next Thursday will be my exam. Hope everything goes well and hope that all the questions which appear during the exam are all of which I had done them before or know the answer, somehow. Pray hard...
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