http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVgOl3cETb4&feature=popular
Lolz? 37 is states lucky number?
Thursday, September 17, 2009
Doppelgänger
I spent some of time waiting for the result playing some games and studying, of course. I recently finished my Silent Hill 2. Quite nice a game with interesting storyline, a bit boring as I need to minimize my window to see the walkthrough. The reason I brought this up because of the fact of the two characters inside the story, namely Mary and Maria. I know why they put the names so close, at least I makes James thinks that Maria can be Mary, but it's not. At first, the story can be confusing but if you tie up everything together, i.e. summarizing the plot of the story from the beginning to the end, everything make sense.
Okay, back to the doppel thing. Mary and Maria are in fact Doppelgänger, according to wikipedia. All the characters depicted meant something. It is not there for nothing. Maria is actually what James depict of from Mary. The other thing is don't treat Silent Hill as some non-sensical illogical horror story. In fact everything happened in the event is just a hallucination, or if strictly speaking, the very inside fear or horror of James (the protagonist) himself.
Just think that this story is on psychology and you will understand and appreciate it. I'd love psychology but I don't like to be in the psychiatrist. That's me^^ Something interesting doesn't mean that you should pursue it forever. You do it when you have the moment to do so.
Anyways, the main thing I want to point out from this game is this phenomenon. Doppelgänger. You bet it, it's a German word. If you like long articles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelgänger#Left_temporoparietal_junction and
http://paranormal.about.com/library/weekly/aa111102a.htm
Basically it's a phenomenon, more or less pointing towards the fact of one felt another part of oneself away from the body, better known as Out-of-Body Experience (OBE). Below is an interesting article touching a little bit about neurology.
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/lupelandia/piramidescerebro/BLANKE05.pdf
The reason I checked this out because I want to see a real published article about this experiment of out-of-body experience thingy. I bet a lot of people create or listen to hell lots of stories about OBE thingy. Since I am in the field of science, I'd better put up at least a prove to really tell people that hey, this is in fact true and it's written.
Basically it's about the temporoparietal junction playing all these things up. Temporal lobe dysfunction can be a cause of epilepsy of some patients. That's what I know of. Hearing can be affected. In short, it's relative. It depends on which exact nerve got hit. There are lots of myths about this Doppelgänger thingy. But as a fellow human being, like the Confucius said, we have to take care outselves first before thinking about ghost thingy. If you can't be a perfect human being, what's there to talk about ghost? Right? Well, it's just another moral of the story...
Life just not about medicine, ya know?
Okay, back to the doppel thing. Mary and Maria are in fact Doppelgänger, according to wikipedia. All the characters depicted meant something. It is not there for nothing. Maria is actually what James depict of from Mary. The other thing is don't treat Silent Hill as some non-sensical illogical horror story. In fact everything happened in the event is just a hallucination, or if strictly speaking, the very inside fear or horror of James (the protagonist) himself.
Just think that this story is on psychology and you will understand and appreciate it. I'd love psychology but I don't like to be in the psychiatrist. That's me^^ Something interesting doesn't mean that you should pursue it forever. You do it when you have the moment to do so.
Anyways, the main thing I want to point out from this game is this phenomenon. Doppelgänger. You bet it, it's a German word. If you like long articles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelgänger#Left_temporoparietal_junction and
http://paranormal.about.com/library/weekly/aa111102a.htm
Basically it's a phenomenon, more or less pointing towards the fact of one felt another part of oneself away from the body, better known as Out-of-Body Experience (OBE). Below is an interesting article touching a little bit about neurology.
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/lupelandia/piramidescerebro/BLANKE05.pdf
The reason I checked this out because I want to see a real published article about this experiment of out-of-body experience thingy. I bet a lot of people create or listen to hell lots of stories about OBE thingy. Since I am in the field of science, I'd better put up at least a prove to really tell people that hey, this is in fact true and it's written.
Basically it's about the temporoparietal junction playing all these things up. Temporal lobe dysfunction can be a cause of epilepsy of some patients. That's what I know of. Hearing can be affected. In short, it's relative. It depends on which exact nerve got hit. There are lots of myths about this Doppelgänger thingy. But as a fellow human being, like the Confucius said, we have to take care outselves first before thinking about ghost thingy. If you can't be a perfect human being, what's there to talk about ghost? Right? Well, it's just another moral of the story...
Life just not about medicine, ya know?
Thursday, September 10, 2009
mecA? WTF?
http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102244956.html
Quantification of mecA mRNA in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains by Competitive Reverse Transcription-PCR with an Internal cRNA Standard.
Article from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T30-4B4VPRF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1006926609&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17e63154dff694c0158e73ee4745a762#toc10
Real-time PCR assays were developed for the quantifiable detection of the antibiotic-resistance genes vanA of enterococci, ampC of Enterobacteriaceae, and mecA of staphylococci in different municipal wastewater samples.
Now, say you love genetics. You'd better!! Actually then name itself makes a lot of sense.
P/S: Taken my Step One. I would like to thank also to lots of people, including the person who uploaded Goljan's audio. (Thank you to learnerstv for saving my ass also on neuroanatomy and thank you everyone who supported me throughout)
Quantification of mecA mRNA in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains by Competitive Reverse Transcription-PCR with an Internal cRNA Standard.
Article from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T30-4B4VPRF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1006926609&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17e63154dff694c0158e73ee4745a762#toc10
Real-time PCR assays were developed for the quantifiable detection of the antibiotic-resistance genes vanA of enterococci, ampC of Enterobacteriaceae, and mecA of staphylococci in different municipal wastewater samples.
Now, say you love genetics. You'd better!! Actually then name itself makes a lot of sense.
P/S: Taken my Step One. I would like to thank also to lots of people, including the person who uploaded Goljan's audio. (Thank you to learnerstv for saving my ass also on neuroanatomy and thank you everyone who supported me throughout)
Monday, September 7, 2009
Opioid induced histamine release
First we look at what exactly is opioid mechanism: http://www.opioids.com/receptors/index.html
Well, I come across this cute question about opioid. When an opioid compound, especially a µ-receptor agonist (such as morphine), is administered in response to chronic pain, this causes the release of histamine in neurons. This leads to the activation of histamine H2 receptors, which play a role in the relief of pain.
Well, take a look at this: http://www.rch.org.au/pharmacy/drugs/index.cfm?doc_id=2113
It seems that it's really opioid fault for inducing histamine release. I find it quite strange as activating histamine can cause pain, doesn't it? How come it is the histamine, especially H2 receptor involved in relieving the pain? Article: Enhanced antinociceptive effects of morphine in histamine H2 receptor gene knockout mice
I shall leave the question mark here. One thing of interest is if in the exam, the other 4 options seem illogical, pick something which you think is logical, though you may or may not know the thing you are going to pick.
Well, I come across this cute question about opioid. When an opioid compound, especially a µ-receptor agonist (such as morphine), is administered in response to chronic pain, this causes the release of histamine in neurons. This leads to the activation of histamine H2 receptors, which play a role in the relief of pain.
Well, take a look at this: http://www.rch.org.au/pharmacy/drugs/index.cfm?doc_id=2113
It seems that it's really opioid fault for inducing histamine release. I find it quite strange as activating histamine can cause pain, doesn't it? How come it is the histamine, especially H2 receptor involved in relieving the pain? Article: Enhanced antinociceptive effects of morphine in histamine H2 receptor gene knockout mice
I shall leave the question mark here. One thing of interest is if in the exam, the other 4 options seem illogical, pick something which you think is logical, though you may or may not know the thing you are going to pick.
Glaucoma
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030501/1937.html
Cool website with fascinating pictures.
Current treatment: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1705630
Cool website with fascinating pictures.
Current treatment: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1705630
Sunday, September 6, 2009
Osteomalacia
From: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-59322009000200015&script=sci_arttext
In case you are wondering osteomalacia, a condition due to lack of Vitamin D, can cause a deficit in mineralization of osteoid matrix which leads to decrease osteoid altogether. The former is correct but not the latter, i.e. it causes accumulation of osteoid tissue (Relative excess of osteoid) instead of its lost. Great, get it wrong again...
In case you are wondering osteomalacia, a condition due to lack of Vitamin D, can cause a deficit in mineralization of osteoid matrix which leads to decrease osteoid altogether. The former is correct but not the latter, i.e. it causes accumulation of osteoid tissue (Relative excess of osteoid) instead of its lost. Great, get it wrong again...
Purpose of Fructose in Glycogenosis disease
Quote from article: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4024250.html
Fructose is used to alleviate physiologically-induced stress in the human body. Rationale that comes to from me dad is that fructose stress the liver to break down the glycogen to glucose. In cases like glycogen storage disease, we take von Gierke’s disease (type I) for example, since it's a glucose-6-phosphatase defecient thingy, it can't break down glycogen, which explains it's inability to produce glucose upon the stress from fructose administration.
Cool critical clinical thinking?
Fructose is used to alleviate physiologically-induced stress in the human body. Rationale that comes to from me dad is that fructose stress the liver to break down the glycogen to glucose. In cases like glycogen storage disease, we take von Gierke’s disease (type I) for example, since it's a glucose-6-phosphatase defecient thingy, it can't break down glycogen, which explains it's inability to produce glucose upon the stress from fructose administration.
Cool critical clinical thinking?
Metachromatic granules
I just know this stuff. I was very surprised myself. You might think this is the metachromatic leukodystrophy(ML) (why? coz it's metachromatic). Wrong. It's a totally different thing altogether.
In ML, it's an accumulation of metachromatic lipid which is gives brownish color upon staining of toluidine blue.
However, when they say about this metachromatic granules, they are bascially Alder-Reilly bodies. Well, what the hell is that? It's actually an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans within leukocytes. It's seen in mucopolysaccharidoses aka the famous Hurler's and Hunter's syndrome which I believe USMLE Step 1 love to ask. You can observe large purple cytoplasmic granules, which is the metachromatic granules, of course (source from :http://www.learnerstv.com/onlinetest/medicine/ in Pathology Q11 and Pathology Concise) I can't find a good picture in any books, what I can find is this: http://images.google.com.my/images?hl=en&source=hp&q=Metachromatic+granules&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=IcKjSunTNIyBkQXPxo33Dw&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4
Ah, just google yourself. Till then...
In ML, it's an accumulation of metachromatic lipid which is gives brownish color upon staining of toluidine blue.
However, when they say about this metachromatic granules, they are bascially Alder-Reilly bodies. Well, what the hell is that? It's actually an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans within leukocytes. It's seen in mucopolysaccharidoses aka the famous Hurler's and Hunter's syndrome which I believe USMLE Step 1 love to ask. You can observe large purple cytoplasmic granules, which is the metachromatic granules, of course (source from :http://www.learnerstv.com/onlinetest/medicine/ in Pathology Q11 and Pathology Concise) I can't find a good picture in any books, what I can find is this: http://images.google.com.my/images?hl=en&source=hp&q=Metachromatic+granules&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=IcKjSunTNIyBkQXPxo33Dw&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4
Ah, just google yourself. Till then...
Cool Physiology Website
If you like cracking your head with physiology, try this: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/outline.htm
If you are studying for your exam and that the exam is about next week, do give yourself a break ya? Phys is hard
Notice something from here: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/six/6_1.htm
1. A Na-H antiport is present in the apical membrane (Fig 6-2). This electrically neutral 1:1 transporter is driven primarily by the chemical gradient for Na across the membrane. This is a major mechanism for Na entry.
Get it?
If you are studying for your exam and that the exam is about next week, do give yourself a break ya? Phys is hard
Notice something from here: http://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/six/6_1.htm
1. A Na-H antiport is present in the apical membrane (Fig 6-2). This electrically neutral 1:1 transporter is driven primarily by the chemical gradient for Na across the membrane. This is a major mechanism for Na entry.
Get it?
Saturday, September 5, 2009
Ventilation Perfusion Defect
This is from: http://www.ccmtutorials.com/rs/oxygen/page09.htm
A word about this thing. It causes hypoxemia, which leads to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptor in which causing hyperventilation thus lowering arterial carbon dioxide pressure. Cool?
A word about this thing. It causes hypoxemia, which leads to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptor in which causing hyperventilation thus lowering arterial carbon dioxide pressure. Cool?
Friday, September 4, 2009
Serotonin Syndrome vs NMS
Article from: http://uuhsc.utah.edu/poison/healthpros/utox/Vol4_No4.pdf
This article quotes some interesting facts about serotonin syndrome. As you know, NMS (I forgot the whole name, but it's written there and is caused by dopamine antagonist effect) can have certain common features in terms of the clinical presentation. Therefore I would like to bring a certain attention over this matter.
Feature: Serotonin Syndrome
Mechanism: Serotonin excess
Onset of Symptoms: Minutes to hours
Resolution of symptoms: Less than 24 hours
Neuromuscular: Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
Rhabdomyolysis: Rare
Metabolic acidosis: Rare
Elevated transaminases: Rare
Feature: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Mechanism: Dopamine antagonism
Onset of Symptoms: Days to weeks
Resolution of symptoms: 5-14 days
Neuromuscular: “lead pipe” rigidity
Rhabdomyolysis: Common
Metabolic acidosis: Common
Elevated transaminases: Common
Anyways, this is from table 3 in the article. I finally found the answer to this mystery to me^^
This article quotes some interesting facts about serotonin syndrome. As you know, NMS (I forgot the whole name, but it's written there and is caused by dopamine antagonist effect) can have certain common features in terms of the clinical presentation. Therefore I would like to bring a certain attention over this matter.
Feature: Serotonin Syndrome
Mechanism: Serotonin excess
Onset of Symptoms: Minutes to hours
Resolution of symptoms: Less than 24 hours
Neuromuscular: Myoclonus, hyperreflexia
Rhabdomyolysis: Rare
Metabolic acidosis: Rare
Elevated transaminases: Rare
Feature: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Mechanism: Dopamine antagonism
Onset of Symptoms: Days to weeks
Resolution of symptoms: 5-14 days
Neuromuscular: “lead pipe” rigidity
Rhabdomyolysis: Common
Metabolic acidosis: Common
Elevated transaminases: Common
Anyways, this is from table 3 in the article. I finally found the answer to this mystery to me^^
Some USMLE Prep
I come across this website: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/USMLE_Step_1_Review
Okay, it listed out some website I think it is useful to those students who are preparing for the boards exam.
1) http://www.learnerstv.com
2) http://www.stepprep.com
3) http://www.clinicalreview.com/welcome/
I have doubts on the third site, but the top two sites, I think, are quite good. Since it's free, why not just give a try? I seriously don't have much time to waste. Next Thursday will be my exam. Hope everything goes well and hope that all the questions which appear during the exam are all of which I had done them before or know the answer, somehow. Pray hard...
Okay, it listed out some website I think it is useful to those students who are preparing for the boards exam.
1) http://www.learnerstv.com
2) http://www.stepprep.com
3) http://www.clinicalreview.com/welcome/
I have doubts on the third site, but the top two sites, I think, are quite good. Since it's free, why not just give a try? I seriously don't have much time to waste. Next Thursday will be my exam. Hope everything goes well and hope that all the questions which appear during the exam are all of which I had done them before or know the answer, somehow. Pray hard...
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